Shark Populations

Shark Populations Dropped 71 Percent Since 1970

Scientists have known for decades that the numbers of some shark species are decreasing. But a new study shows just how severely worldwide populations have dropped in the past 50 years.

The numbers of oceanic sharks and rays fell more than 70 percent worldwide between 1970 and 2018. The information comes from a study that appeared recently in the publication Nature.

Stuart Sandin is a marine biologist who works at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He says that sharks are great hunters, fast swimmers, and have extraordinary senses.

Sandin adds that they can identify any changes in the ocean from a great distance, such as smells or tiny changes in water flow.

Their ability to quickly sense anything outside the norm in their environment helps them find food in the open ocean. But it also makes them especially at risk in the face of increased international fishing pressure.

“You drop a fishing line in the open ocean, and often it’s sharks that are there first — whether or not they’re the primary target,” said Sandin.

Twenty-four of the 31 species of sharks and rays are threatened with extinction. Three species — oceanic whitetip sharks, scalloped hammerhead sharks, and great hammerhead sharks — are considered critically endangered.

Nathan Pacoureau is a biologist at Simon Fraser University in Canada and one of the writers of the study. He said, “The last 50 years have been pretty devastating for global shark populations.”

Sometimes sharks are caught on purpose by fishing boats. But more often they are caught while fishing for other species such as tuna and swordfish.

Sharks and rays are both fish with skeletons made of cartilage, not bone. Unlike most other kinds of fish, they are not able to reproduce for several years, and also produce fewer young.

Pacoureau said sharks reproduce more like mammals than fish, so “their populations cannot replenish as quickly as many other kinds of fish.”

The number of fishing boats in the open ocean has risen sharply since the 1950s. Climate change and pollution also place shark survival at risk. But increased fishing pressure is the greatest threat for every oceanic shark species.

Stuart Pimm is an ecologist at Duke University and was not involved in the study. He said the removal of top hunters like sharks from the ocean affects all sea life.

“Sharks are like the lions, tigers, and bears of the ocean world, and they help keep the rest of the ecosystem in balance,” Pimm said.

I’m Jonathan Evans.

Christina Larson reported on this story for the Associated Press. Jonathan Evans adapted this story for Learning English. Bryan Lynn was the editor.

____________________

Words in This Story

cartilage – n. a strong but flexible material found in some parts of the body (such as the nose, the outer ear, and some joints)

devastating – adj. causing great damage or harm

ecosystem – n. everything that exists in a particular environment

extinction – n. the state or situation that results when something (such as a plant or animal species) has died out completely

mammals – n. types of animals that feed milk to its young and that usually have hair or fur covering most of its skin

primary – adj. most important

replenish – v. to fill or build up (something) again

species – n. a group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants; a group of related animals or plants that is smaller than a genus

Global Warming Causes Earlier Pollen Season

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.

When Dr. Stanley Fineman started as an allergist, he told patients to start taking medications and prepare for pollen season in the middle of March.

That was about 40 years ago. Today, he tells them to start around the middle of February.

Since 1990, pollen season across the United States and Canada has been starting earlier, about 20 days earlier. And pollen loads, the amount of pollen released by plants, are 21 percent higher.

The main reason for this, a new study found, is global warming.

Other studies have shown North America’s allergy season getting longer and worse. But this one, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has the most complete information coming from 60 reporting stations. It is also the first study to make scientific connections between an earlier and more intense pollen season with human-caused climate change.

The study says the warmer the Earth gets, the earlier spring starts for animals and plants, especially plants that release pollen. Additionally, trees and plants produce more pollen when they get carbon dioxide.

FILE - A pedestrian walks down a street as pollen litters the sidewalk outside the State Capitol Tuesday, March 20, 2012, in Atlanta. (AP Photo/David Goldman)

Bill Anderegg is the lead writer of the study. He said, “climate change is here and it’s in every breath we take.” The University of Utah scientist told the Associated Press (AP), “This is clearly warming temperatures and more carbon dioxide putting more pollen in the air.”

Scientists are not sure why trees are giving off the allergy-causing particles earlier than grasses. But Anderegg said just look at cherry blossoms opening earlier in Japan and Washington, D.C. as an example.

Scientists involved in the study also considered that parks and cities were getting greener. They also compared what is happening now in our environment to computer models of an Earth without human-caused warming and rising carbon dioxide in the air.

Since 1990, about half of the earlier pollen season was linked to climate change — mostly from warmer temperatures. But plant-feeding carbon dioxide, Anderegg said, played a part.

However, since the 2000s, he said, about 65 percent of early pollen seasons can be blamed on warming. And about 8 percent of the increased pollen load can be blamed on climate change.

Chris Downs of St. Louis, Missouri does not need a study to show that he already has problems with breathing, headaches, and red itchy eyes. His allergies usually hit in March. But last two years, they came in early February, along with blooms of trees and flowers.

“As a kid, I never saw anything start blooming in February,” Downs said, “Now I see a handful of years like that.”

For Amir Sapkota, this is not just a matter of sneezing and watery eyes. There are more serious health concerns. The University of Maryland scientist said the pollen is a risk for other diseases including asthma.

She told the AP, “Asthma costs the U.S. economy an estimated $80 billion per year in terms of treatment and loss of productivity.” So, a longer pollen season is a threat to both “individuals suffering from allergies as well as the U.S. economy.”

There are other problems as well. Sapkota recently found a connection between earlier spring allergies and an increased risk in asthma hospitalizations. Another study, Anderegg said, found that students do worse on tests because of pollen levels.

FILE - An accumulation of pollen is pictured on Lake Leman in Villeneuve, Switzerland May 10, 2020. (REUTERS/Denis Balibouse)

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has some advice on how to protect yourself against pollen:

• Take your allergy and/or asthma medications as advised by your health care provider.
• Do not touch your eyes while you are outside.
• Wash after being outside to remove pollen from your skin and hair.
• Change your clothes after being outdoors.
• Keep windows closed during the pollen season.

And that’s the Health & Lifestyle report. I’m Anna Matteo.

Seth Borenstein reported this story for the Associated Press. Anna Matteo adapted it for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor.

Words in This Story

allergy – n. a medical condition that causes someone to become sick after eating, touching, or breathing something that is harmless to most people

allergist – n. a specialist in allergy

pollen – n. the very fine usually yellow dust that is produced by a plant and that is carried to other plants of the same kind usually by wind or insects so that the plants can produce seeds

carbon dioxide – n. a gas that is produced when people and animals breathe out or when certain fuels are burned and that is used by plants for energy

bloom – n. the flowering state

sneeze – v. to suddenly force air out through your nose and mouth with a usually loud noise because your body is reacting to dust, a sickness, etc.

asthma – n. medical: a physical condition that makes it difficult for someone to breathe

How Ocean Seagrasses Can Fight Climate Change

Scientists Study How Ocean Seagrasses Can Fight Climate Change

 

Scientists say ocean seagrasses can be a valuable tool in fighting climate change. But many of these plants are being harmed by pollution linked to human activities such as mining and fishing.

In March, scientists went on an expedition to an area in the Indian Ocean thought to contain the largest field of underwater seagrass in the world. The team collected data to learn more about what affects the health of seagrasses.

Studies have shown that a big benefit of seagrass is that it can store up to two times the amount of carbon that forests do.

If seagrasses can stay healthy and grow, they can remove carbon dioxide, or CO2, from the environment. CO2 is one kind of greenhouse gas that scientists have linked to rising temperatures in Earth’s atmosphere.

Blades of seagrass float in the ocean above the world's largest seagrass meadow and one of the biggest carbon sinks in the high seas, at the Saya de Malha Bank within the Mascarene plateau, Mauritius March 6, 2021. Tommy Trenchard/Greenpeace/Handout via Reuters)

The Indian Ocean expedition, led by environmental group Greenpeace, traveled to Saya de Malha near the island nation of Seychelles.

The field of seagrass at Saya de Malha is about the size of the European nation of Switzerland. Because the area is far from coastlines, it has stayed well protected from pollution and digging activities that can harm sea life. The seagrasses are also closer to the surface, meaning they take in more sunlight. This environment provides shelter and rich feeding grounds for thousands of different ocean creatures.

Among those taking part in the expedition were scientists from Britain’s Exeter University. They say they were able to collect some of the first field data on the area’s wildlife, including its little-studied seagrass beds. The team gathered up pieces of grass floating in the water to examine later in the laboratory.

Corals are seen in a seagrass meadow and one of the biggest carbon sinks in the high seas, at the Saya de Malha Bank within the Mascarene plateau, Mauritius March 6, 2021. Tommy Trenchard/Greenpeace/Handout via REUTERS

It is not yet known how much carbon is being stored in Saya de Malha. But experts estimate that worldwide, the root systems of seagrasses trap more than 10 percent of the carbon buried in ocean sediment per year.

Dimos Traganos is the lead scientist on a German Aerospace Center project developing software to improve seagrass searches using satellite images and other data. He told Reuters the carbon-storing abilities of seagrass have “massive implications” for worldwide efforts to limit climate change. “We are in such an exciting period,” he said.

Researchers with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimate seagrasses cover more than 300,000 square kilometers. They are spread across all continents except for Antarctica.

Lecturer in ecology at the University of Exeter, Dr. Kirsten Thompson measures seagrass gathered floating at the surface at the Saya de Malha Bank within the Mascarene plateau, Mauritius March 10, 2021. REUTERS/Christophe Van Der Perre

The UNEP says that about every 30 minutes, human activity is helping to destroy seagrass areas about the same size as a soccer field. Scientists are now attempting to find out the current state of the world’s seagrasses.

Some areas studied to demonstrate the harm that human activities can cause. One study suggested that pollution from mining and damage by fisheries may have helped destroy 92 percent of mainland Britain’s seagrasses over a century. The study was published in March in Frontiers in Plant Science.

This year, Seychelles began looking at its coastal seagrass carbon supply for the first time. And at least 10 countries have said seagrasses would play a part in their climate action plans, the UNEP says.

A shoal of fish swims over seagrass on the Saya de Malha Bank within the Mascarene plateau, Mauritius March 20, 2021. Tommy Trenchard/Greenpeace/Handout via REUTERS

Seychelles and Mauritius, which have joint control over the Saya de Malha’s seabed, should take steps to count and care for the wealth of seagrasses in the area, said James Michel. He served as president of Seychelles for 12 years until 2016.

Michel added: “Then we’ll be in a better position to know how to not only preserve it but also to manage it to ensure that it is protected for the future.”

I’m Bryan Lynn.

Reuters reported on this story. Bryan Lynn adapted the report for Learning English. Hai Do was the editor.

Words in This Story

expedition – n. a trip was undertaken by a group of people for a purpose

benefit – n. a helpful or good effect

greenhouse gas – n. gases that cause a warming of the Earth’s atmosphere

sediment – n. materials that collect at the bottom of a liquid

implication – n. a result or effect

preserve – v. to keep something safe from harm; to protect

manage – v. to have control of something, such as a business, department, organization, etc.

Cambodian nationalism

 Khmer nationalism

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Flag of Cambodia

Khmer nationalism or Cambodian nationalism (Khmer: ជាតិនិយម, Chéat Nĭyôm) is a form of nationalism found in Cambodia, which asserts that Cambodians are a nation and that promotes the cultural unity of the Cambodian race.

Contents

1 "Young Monks" Movement
2 Emergence of Khmer nationalism
3 Khmer Nationalism and Buddhism
4 Khmer Rouge

"Young Monks" Movement

Another division in the Cambodian sangha can be seen in what has been called the "young monks" movement, a small group of politically active monks (primarily Maha Nikaya) voicing public opposition to the current government. The "young monks" are primarily junior members of the clergy, drawn from temples in and around Phnom Penh. Unlike the Engaged modernists, their interest is not in using the authority of the sangha to aide social development programs, but rather to express direct opposition to government policies and corruption. Since the 1993 UN-monitored elections, monks have been permitted to vote in Cambodia (a move opposed by some senior monks). While this has not resulted in any large-scale mobilization of the sangha as a political force, it has drawn some young monks farther into participation in parliamentary politics. Many of these young monks are associated with opposition figure Sam Rainsy and his political party, the SRP.

Members of the young monks movement have participated in and organized public demonstrations in Phnom Penh, aimed at drawing attention to perceived government misdeeds. The Maha Nikaya hierarchy has condemned this form of political activism, calling for the arrest of some monks and defrocking others.

The emergence of Khmer nationalism 

Unlike in Vietnam, Cambodian nationalism remained relatively quiet during much of French rule mostly due to lesser education influence, which helped literacy rates remain low and prevented nationalist movements like those taking place in Vietnam. However, among the French-educated Cambodian elite, the Western ideas of democracy and self-rule as well as French restoration of monuments such as Angkor Wat created a sense of pride and awareness of Cambodia's once-powerful status in the past. In education, there was also growing resentment among Cambodian students of the minority Vietnamese holding a more favored status. In 1936, Son Ngoc Than and Pach Choeun began publishing Nagaravatta (Notre cité) as a French-language anti-colonial and at times, anti-Vietnamese newspaper. Minor independence movements, especially the Khmer Issarak, began to develop in 1940 among Cambodians in Thailand, who feared that their actions would have led to punishment if they had operated in their homeland.

Khmer Nationalism and Buddhism

Cambodian Buddhism was instrumental in fomenting Khmer national identity and the independence movement in the 20th century, leading to Cambodian independence as a sovereign state.

In their attempt to separate the Khmer people from their cultural allegiance to the neighboring Theravada kingdom of Siam, the French "protectors" nurtured a sense of Khmer identity by emphasizing Khmer-language studies and Khmer Buddhist studies. They established Pali schools within Cambodia to keep the Cambodian monks from traveling to Siam for higher education. These Khmer-language study centers became the birthplace of Cambodian nationalism.

Khmer Rouge

Flag of Democratic Kampuchea

In 1975 when the Khmer Rouge took control of Cambodia, they tried to completely destroy Buddhism and very nearly succeeded. By the time of the Vietnamese invasion in 1979, nearly every monk and religious scholar had been either murdered or driven into exile, and nearly every Buddhist temple and the library had been destroyed.

The Khmer Rouge policies towards Buddhism – which included the forcible disrobing of monks, the destruction of monasteries, and, ultimately, the execution of uncooperative monks – effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions. Monks who did not flee and avoided execution lived among the laity, sometimes secretly performing Buddhist rituals for the sick or afflicted.

Estimates vary regarding the number of monks in Cambodia prior to the ascension of the Khmer Rouge, ranging between 65,000 and 80,000. By the time of the Buddhist restoration in the early 1980s, the number of Cambodian monks worldwide was estimated to be less than 3,000. The patriarchs of both Cambodian nikayas perished sometime during the period 1975-78, though the cause of their deaths is not known.

Due to their association with the Thai monarchy, monks of the Thommayut order may have been particularly targeted for persecution.

National Museum of Cambodia

 The National Museum of Cambodia 

(Khmer: សារមន្ទីរជាតិ, French: Musée national) is Cambodia's largest museum of cultural history and is the country's leading historical and archaeological museum. It is located in Chey Chumneas, Phnom Penh.

Contents

• 1Overview
• 2History
• 3Collections
• 4Gallery
  

Overview

The museum houses one of the world's largest collections of Khmer art, including sculptural, Khmer ceramics, bronzes, and ethnographic objects. Its collection includes over 14,000 items, from prehistoric times to periods before, during, and after the Khmer Empire, which at its height stretched from Thailand, across present-day Cambodia, to southern Vietnam.

The National Museum of Cambodia is located on Street 13 in central Phnom Penh, to the north of the Royal Palace and on the west side of Veal Preah Man square. The visitors' entrance to the compound is at the corner of Streets 13 and 178. The Royal University of Fine Arts is located on the west side of the museum. The museum is under the authority of the Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. The museum buildings, inspired by Khmer temple architecture, were constructed between 1917 and 1924, the museum was officially inaugurated in 1920, and it was renovated in 1968.

History

George Groslier (1887–1945), historian, curator, and the author was the motivating force behind much of the revival of interest in traditional Cambodian arts and crafts, and it was he who designed this building that is today ‘traditional Khmer’ architecture. It is perhaps better described as a building enlarged from Cambodian temple prototypes seen on ancient bas-reliefs and reinterpreted through colonial eyes to meet the museum-size requirements.

The foundation stone for the new museum was laid on 15 August 1917. Some two-and-a-half years later, the completed museum was inaugurated during Khmer New Year on 13 April 1920 in the presence of H.M King Sisowath, François-Marius Baudoin, Résident-supérieur, and M. Groslier, director of Cambodian Arts, and Conservator of the museum.

The original design of the building was slightly altered in 1924 with extensions that added wings at either end of the eastern façade that made the building even more imposing.

Control of the National Museum and Arts Administration was ceded by the French to the Cambodians on 9 August 1951 and following Independence in 1953, the then Musée National de Phnom Penh was the subject of bilateral accords. In 1966 Chea Thay Seng was the first Cambodian Director of the Museum and Dean of the newly created Department of Archaeology at the Royal University of Fine Arts. This university that forms its foundation as the Ecole des Arts Cambodgiens in 1920 was intimately linked with students, artisans, and teachers who worked to preserve Cambodian cultural traditions, can still be found to the rear of the museum.

During the Khmer Rouge regime (from 1975 to 1979), all aspects of Cambodian life including the cultural realm were devastated. The Museum, along with the rest of Phnom Penh, was evacuated and abandoned. The Museum closed between 1975 and 1979 and was found in disrepair, its roof rotten and home to a vast colony of bats, the garden overgrown, and the collection in disarray, many objects damaged or stolen. The Museum was quickly tidied up and reopened to the public on 13 April 1979. However, many of the Museum's employees had lost their lives during the Khmer Rouge regime.

Museum courtyard            

Museum courtyard                                                     

Collections

Together with the adjacent Royal University of Fine Arts and its Department of Archaeology, the National Museum of Cambodia works to enhance knowledge of and preserve Cambodian cultural traditions and to provide a source of pride and identity to the Cambodian people. The Museum also serves a religious function; its collection of important Buddhist and Hindu sculptures addresses community religious needs as a place of worship. A permanent exhibition, Post-Angkorian Buddha, supported by UNESCO and a number of individuals and local businesses, opened in 2000 to extend the religious function of the Museum.

Stone statue of Ganesha

Interior of the museum

Under the auspices of the Cambodian Department of Museums, the Museum not only manages its own collection, staff, and premises but also supports and oversees all other state-run museums in Cambodia. Its activities are further supported by private individuals, foreign governments, and numerous philanthropic organizations. The activities of the Museum include the presentation, conservation, safekeeping, interpretation, and acquisition of Cambodian cultural material, as well as the repatriation of Cambodian cultural property. Looting and illicit export of Cambodian cultural material is a continuing concern.

Outside of Cambodia, the Museum promotes the understanding of Cambodian arts and culture by lending objects from its collection for major international exhibitions. This practice was in place before Cambodia’s recent decades of unrest and was reinstituted in the 1990s, starting with an exhibition held at the National Gallery of Australia in 1992. Subsequent exhibitions have been held in France, the USA, Japan, South Korea, and Germany.

Gallery

• 

  Reclining Vishnu from West Mebon, Angkor. Made of Bronze, the statue is from the 11th century.

 
• 

  Garuda in Koh Ker style. Made of sandstone, the statue is from the 10th century (Angkor period).

 
• 

  Trimurti from Angkor. Made of sandstone, the statue dates back to the 11th century.

 
• 

  Lingam from Angkor period. Discovered in Battambang Province and is made of Bronze, Quartz & Silver.

 
• 

  Peacock-shaped Paan dan. Made of Brass, the case dates to the 17th or 18th century and belongs to Longvek in Cambodia.

 
• 

  Elephant bell made of bronze from the Angkor period.

• 
  

Universities and colleges

 Education 

Universities and colleges

Buddhist Institute

Royal University of Phnom Penh Campus II

Institute of Foreign Languages

Institut de Technologie du Cambodge

English	Khmer
University of Cambodia (UC)	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យកម្ពុជា
Phnom Penh International University (PPIU)	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភ្នំពេញអន្តរជាតិ
École Royale d'Administration (ERA)	សាលាភូមិន្ទរដ្ឋបាល
Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP)	សកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទភ្នំពេញ
Royal University of Law and Economics (RULE)	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទនីតិសាស្រ្ត និង វិទ្យាសាស្រ្តសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Royal University of Fine Arts (RUFA)	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទវិចិត្រសិល្បៈ
Royal University of Agriculture (RUA)	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទកសិកម្ម
National University of Management (NUM)	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យជាតិគ្រប់គ្រង
Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC)	វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកវិទ្យាកម្ពុជា
Buddhist Institute	វិទ្យាស្ថានពុទ្ធសាសនបណ្ឌិត្យ
Royal Academy of Cambodia	រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា
Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute	វិទ្យាស្ថានស្រាវជ្រាវ និង អភិវឌ្ឍកសិកម្មកម្ពុជា
National Institute of Education	វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិរអប់រំ
National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia	វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិពហុបច្ចេកទេសកម្ពុជា
National Technical Training Institute	វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិបណ្តុះបណ្តាលបច្ចេកទេស
Prek Leap National College of Agriculture	សាលាជាតិកសិកម្មព្រែកលៀប
University of Health Sciences	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវិទ្យាសាស្រ្តសុខាភិបាល
National Institute of Business	វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិពាណិជ្ជសាស្រ្ត
Preah Kossomak Polytechnic Institute	វិទ្យាស្ថានពហុបច្ចេកទេសព្រះកុសុមះ
Industrial Technical Institute	វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកទេសឧស្សាហកម្ម
Zaman University	សាកលវិទ្យាល័យ ហ្សាម៉ាន់
Institute For Development of Economy (I.D.E)	វិទ្យាស្ថានអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Western University
Student Development Institute (S.D.I)	វិទ្យាស្ថានអភិវឌ្ឍន៍និស្សិត

Primary and secondary schools

English	Khmer
Lycee Sisowath	វិទ្យាល័យស៊ីសុវត្ថិ
Chaktomuk Secondary School	អនុវិទ្យាល័យចតុមុខ
Bak Touk High School	វិទ្យាល័យបាក់ទូក
Chea Sim Samaky High School	វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមសាមគ្គី
Chea Sim Beoung Kang Kong High School	វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមបឹងកេងកង
Indradevi High School	វិទ្យាល័យឥន្ទ្រទេវី
Chea Sim Santhormok High School	វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមសន្ធរម៉ុក
Chea Sim Chrouy Changvar High School	វិទ្យាល័យជាស៊ីមជ្រោយចង្វារ
Chbar Ampov High School	វិទ្យាល័យច្បារអំពៅ
Wat Koh High School	វិទ្យាល័យវត្តកោះ
Hun Sen Bun Rany Phsar Derm Tkov High School	វិទ្យាល័យហ៊ុនសែនប៊ុនរ៉ានីផ្សារដើមថ្កូវ
Toul Svay Prey High School	វិទ្យាល័យទួលស្វាយព្រៃ

International schools

English
CIA First International School
Abundant Life International School
American Intercon School
American Intercon School
Beijing International School (Chinese)
British International School of Phnom Penh
East-West International School	New Gateway International School
Harrods International Academy
Home of English International School
iCAN British International School
International School of Phnom Penh
International School of Singapore (ISPS)
Japanese School of Phnom Penh
North Bridge International School
Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh (French)
South Bridge International School
Footprint International School
Zaman International School

Supplementary and extra schools

English	Original Name
Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh	(プノンペン補習授業校, Punonpen Hoshū Jugyō Kō)
Rodwell Learning Center	សាលាបង្រៀនគួររ៉ដវែល

The Japanese Supplementary School of Phnom Penh, formerly known in English as the Phnom Penh Japanese School, is a part-time Japanese School, operated by the Japanese Association of Cambodia (JACAM;カンボジア日本人会 Kambojia Nihonjin-kai). It is in Sangkat Toek Thla in Sen Sok. It was established in 2002. It had 60 students in June 2011.