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Showing posts with label IT. Show all posts
Showing posts with label IT. Show all posts

Help in CMD

C:\Users\somet>help

For more information on a specific command, type HELP command-name

ASSOC          Displays or modifies file extension associations.

ATTRIB         Displays or changes file attributes.

BREAK          Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking.

BCDEDIT        Sets properties in boot database to control boot loading.

CACLS          Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files.

CALL           Calls one batch program from another.

CD             Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHCP           Displays or sets the active code page number.

CHDIR          Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHKDSK         Checks a disk and displays a status report.

CHKNTFS        Displays or modifies the checking of disk at boot time.

CLS            Clears the screen.

CMD            Starts a new instance of the Windows command interpreter.

COLOR          Sets the default console foreground and background colors.

COMP           Compares the contents of two files or sets of files.

COMPACT        Displays or alters the compression of files on NTFS partitions.

CONVERT        Converts FAT volumes to NTFS.  You cannot convert the

               current drive.

COPY           Copies one or more files to another location.

DATE           Displays or sets the date.

DEL            Deletes one or more files.

DIR            Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.

DISKPART       Displays or configures Disk Partition properties.

DOSKEY         Edits command lines, recalls Windows commands, and

               creates macros.

DRIVERQUERY    Displays current device driver status and properties.

ECHO           Displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off.

ENDLOCAL       Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file.

ERASE          Deletes one or more files.

EXIT           Quits the CMD.EXE program (command interpreter).

FC             Compares two files or sets of files, and displays the

               differences between them.

FIND           Searches for a text string in a file or files.

FINDSTR        Searches for strings in files.

FOR            Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.

FORMAT         Formats a disk for use with Windows.

FSUTIL         Displays or configures the file system properties.

FTYPE          Displays or modifies file types used in file extension

               associations.

GOTO           Directs the Windows command interpreter to a labeled line in

               a batch program.

GPRESULT       Displays Group Policy information for machine or user.

GRAFTABL       Enables Windows to display an extended character set in

               graphics mode.

HELP           Provides Help information for Windows commands.

ICACLS         Display, modify, backup, or restore ACLs for files and

               directories.

IF             Performs conditional processing in batch programs.

LABEL          Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.

MD             Creates a directory.

MKDIR          Creates a directory.

MKLINK         Creates Symbolic Links and Hard Links

MODE           Configures a system device.

MORE           Displays output one screen at a time.

MOVE           Moves one or more files from one directory to another

               directory.

OPENFILES      Displays files opened by remote users for a file share.

PATH           Displays or sets a search path for executable files.

PAUSE          Suspends processing of a batch file and displays a message.

POPD           Restores the previous value of the current directory saved by

               PUSHD.

PRINT          Prints a text file.

PROMPT         Changes the Windows command prompt.

PUSHD          Saves the current directory then changes it.

RD             Removes a directory.

RECOVER        Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk.

REM            Records comments (remarks) in batch files or CONFIG.SYS.

REN            Renames a file or files.

RENAME         Renames a file or files.

REPLACE        Replaces files.

RMDIR          Removes a directory.

ROBOCOPY       Advanced utility to copy files and directory trees

SET            Displays, sets, or removes Windows environment variables.

SETLOCAL       Begins localization of environment changes in a batch file.

SC             Displays or configures services (background processes).

SCHTASKS       Schedules commands and programs to run on a computer.

SHIFT          Shifts the position of replaceable parameters in batch files.

SHUTDOWN       Allows proper local or remote shutdown of machine.

SORT           Sorts input.

START          Starts a separate window to run a specified program or command.

SUBST          Associates a path with a drive letter.

SYSTEMINFO     Displays machine specific properties and configuration.

TASKLIST       Displays all currently running tasks including services.

TASKKILL       Kill or stop a running process or application.

TIME           Displays or sets the system time.

TITLE          Sets the window title for a CMD.EXE session.

TREE           Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or

               path.

TYPE           Displays the contents of a text file.

VER            Displays the Windows version.

VERIFY         Tells Windows whether to verify that your files are written

               correctly to a disk.

VOL            Displays a disk volume label and serial number.

XCOPY          Copies files and directory trees.

WMIC           Displays WMI information inside interactive command shell.

For more information on tools see the command-line reference in the online help.

Employees Form with auto id, cmb, textbox, phone and email validation

Excel VBA_ Employees Form with Auto id, combobox, textbox, phone number and email validation

Save Data To Specific Sheet and Search with VBA Form 2022 11 24

Shorcut of Microsoft Windows

 Shorcut of Microsoft Windows

=======================

use of key windows with the following key


shift = Screenshot

F1 = edge browser

F3 = Find

F5 = Time and Date

pageup/down = go through file up/down


shift arrow keys to change directions


Ctrl Shift Esc = Task manager


q = search

w = online information from left windows

e = file explorer

r = run

u = accessibility

i = system

p = project

1 = this pc / my computer

2 = microsoft edge browser

3 = microsoft store

4 = microsoft office 

5 = microsoft excel

6 = microsoft powerpoint

7 = microsoft publisher

8 = microsoft access

9 = snipping tool

0 = google chrome

= = magnifier

a = internet access

s = Search

d = minimize/maximize windows

f = feedback hub

g = Xbox

h= speark typing

k

l = logoff

; = imoji


z = View

x = windows manager?

c = Account

v = Clipboard 

b = Show Hidden icon

n = Calendar

m = minimize

. = emoji

Date systems in Excel

 Date systems in Excel

Excel supports two date systems, the 1900 date system and the 1904 date system. Each date system uses a unique starting date from which all other workbook dates are calculated. All versions of Excel for Windows calculate dates based on the 1900 date system. Excel 2008 for Mac and earlier Excel for Mac versions calculate dates based on the 1904 date system. Excel 2016 for Mac and Excel for Mac 2011 use the 1900 date system, which guarantees date compatibility with Excel for Windows.

When you copy dates from a workbook created in an earlier version to a workbook created in Excel 2016 or 2011 for Mac, they will be converted automatically unless the option to "Automatically convert date system" is disabled in Preferences > Edit > Date Options. If this option is disabled, you will receive a message asking whether the dates should be converted when pasted. You have two options. You can convert the dates to use the 1900 date system (recommended). This option makes the dates compatible with other dates in the workbook. Or, you can keep the 1904 date system for the pasted dates only.

Note: Dates that are copied as part of a chart cannot be converted from the 1904 date system and will vary by approximately four years. You must convert these dates manually.

The 1900 date system

In the 1900 date system, dates are calculated by using January 1, 1900, as a starting point. When you enter a date, it is converted into a serial number that represents the number of days elapsed since January 1, 1900. For example, if you enter July 5, 2011, Excel converts the date to the serial number 40729. This is the default date system in Excel for Windows, Excel 2016 for Mac, and Excel for Mac 2011. If you choose to convert the pasted data, Excel adjusts the underlying values, and the pasted dates match the dates that you copied.

The 1904 date system

In the 1904 date system, dates are calculated by using January 1, 1904, as a starting point. When you enter a date, it is converted into a serial number that represents the number of days elapsed since January 1, 1904. For example, if you enter July 5, 2011, Excel converts the date to the serial number 39267. This is the default date system in earlier versions of Excel for Mac. If you choose not to convert the data and keep the 1904 date system, the pasted dates vary from the dates that you copied.

The difference between the date systems

Because the two date systems use different starting days, the same date is represented by different serial numbers in each date system. For example, July 5, 2011, can have two different serial numbers, as follows:

Date System

Serial number

1900

40729

1904

39267

The difference between the two date systems is 1,462 days. This means that the serial number of a date in the 1900 date system is always 1,462 days greater than the serial number of the same date in the 1904 date system. 1,462 days is equal to four years and one day (including one leap day).

chkdsk command

What Is CHKDSK

CHKDSK is a command that can be run in Command Prompt to verify the logical integrity of the file system. The full name of CHKDSK is actually checkdisk; as the name suggests, it is designed to check disk for errors and then fix it. CHKDSK works on the basis of certain partition file system to create and display the disk status. If CHKDSK is typed without any parameters, the disk status in the current drive will be displayed to people.

=============== 

C:\Users\somet>chkdsk /?

Checks a disk and displays a status report.


CHKDSK [volume[[path]filename]]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]] [/B] [/scan] [/spotfix]


  volume              Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon),

                      mount point, or volume name.

  filename            FAT/FAT32 only: Specifies the files to check for

                      fragmentation.

  /F                  Fixes errors on the disk.

  /V                  On FAT/FAT32: Displays the full path and name of every

                      file on the disk.

                      On NTFS: Displays cleanup messages if any.

  /R                  Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information

                      (implies /F, when /scan not specified).

  /L:size             NTFS only:  Changes the log file size to the specified

                      number of kilobytes.  If size is not specified, displays

                      current size.

  /X                  Forces the volume to dismount first if necessary.

                      All opened handles to the volume would then be invalid

                      (implies /F).

  /I                  NTFS only: Performs a less vigorous check of index

                      entries.

  /C                  NTFS only: Skips checking of cycles within the folder

                      structure.

  /B                  NTFS only: Re-evaluates bad clusters on the volume

                      (implies /R)

  /scan               NTFS only: Runs an online scan on the volume

  /forceofflinefix    NTFS only: (Must be used with "/scan")

                      Bypass all online repair; all defects found

                      are queued for offline repair (i.e. "chkdsk /spotfix").

  /perf               NTFS only: (Must be used with "/scan")

                      Uses more system resources to complete a scan as fast as

                      possible. This may have a negative performance impact on

                      other tasks running on the system.

  /spotfix            NTFS only: Runs spot fixing on the volume

  /sdcleanup          NTFS only: Garbage collect unneeded security descriptor

                      data (implies /F).

  /offlinescanandfix  Runs an offline scan and fix on the volume.

  /freeorphanedchains FAT/FAT32/exFAT only: Frees any orphaned cluster chains

                      instead of recovering their contents.

  /markclean          FAT/FAT32/exFAT only: Marks the volume clean if no

                      corruption was detected, even if /F was not specified.


The /I or /C switch reduces the amount of time required to run Chkdsk by

skipping certain checks of the volume.

Question of ping

 C:\Users\somet>ping /?


Usage: ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]

            [-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]

            [-w timeout] [-R] [-S srcaddr] [-c compartment] [-p]

            [-4] [-6] target_name


Options:

    -t             Ping the specified host until stopped.

                   To see statistics and continue - type Control-Break;

                   To stop - type Control-C.

    -a             Resolve addresses to hostnames.

    -n count       Number of echo requests to send.

    -l size        Send buffer size.

    -f             Set Don't Fragment flag in packet (IPv4-only).

    -i TTL         Time To Live.

    -v TOS         Type Of Service (IPv4-only. This setting has been deprecated

                   and has no effect on the type of service field in the IP

                   Header).

    -r count       Record route for count hops (IPv4-only).

    -s count       Timestamp for count hops (IPv4-only).

    -j host-list   Loose source route along host-list (IPv4-only).

    -k host-list   Strict source route along host-list (IPv4-only).

    -w timeout     Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.

    -R             Use routing header to test reverse route also (IPv6-only).

                   Per RFC 5095 the use of this routing header has been

                   deprecated. Some systems may drop echo requests if

                   this header is used.

    -S srcaddr     Source address to use.

    -c compartment Routing compartment identifier.

    -p             Ping a Hyper-V Network Virtualization provider address.

    -4             Force using IPv4.

    -6             Force using IPv6.

Open Windows Tools Using the Classic Control Panel

 How to Open Windows Tools Using the Classic Control Panel

Windows tools control panel windows 11

While Microsoft is slowly moving away from it, you can still open the Control Panel in Windows 11. It still exists and houses many advanced options, such as Windows Tools.

Here’s how to do it:

  1. Press the Win key and type control.
  2. Next, click on the Control Panel option from the search result.
  3. When the Control Panel opens, click the View by drop-down in the top left corner and select Small Icons. This will list all the Control Panels items.
  4. Next, locate and click on the Windows Tools option to access your admin tools.

Access Windows Tools

 How to Open Windows Tools Using the Run Dialog

run windows tools windows 11
You can use the classic Run dialog to open Windows Tools. If you memorize the command, this method can be one of the fastest ways to access Windows Tools.

To open Windows Tools using the Run dialog:
  1. Press Win + R to open the Run box.
  2. Next, type control admintools and click OK. This will open the Windows Tools folder on your PC.

156 Useful Run Commands

 156 Useful Run Commands

To Access…Run Command
Accessibility Controlsaccess.cpl
Accessibility Wizardaccwiz
Add Hardware Wizardhdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programsappwiz.cpl
Administrative Toolscontrol admintools
Adobe Acrobat (if installed)acrobat
Adobe Designer (if installed)formdesigner
Adobe Distiller (if installed)acrodist
Adobe ImageReady (if installed)imageready
Adobe Photoshop (if installed)photoshop
Automatic Updateswuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizardfsquirt
Calculatorcalc
Certificate Managercertmgr.msc
Character Mapcharmap
Check Disk Utilitychkdsk
Clipboard Viewerclipbrd
Command Promptcmd
Component Servicesdcomcnfg
Computer Managementcompmgmt.msc
Control Panelcontrol
Date and Time Propertiestimedate.cpl
DDE Sharesddeshare
Device Managerdevmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (if installed)*directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooterdxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utilitycleanmgr
Disk Defragmentdfrg.msc
Disk Managementdiskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Managerdiskpart
Display Propertiescontrol desktop
Display Propertiesdesk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utilitydrwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utilityverifier
Event Viewereventvwr.msc
Files and Settings Transfer Toolmigwiz
File Signature Verification Toolsigverif
Findfastfindfast.cpl
Firefox (if installed)firefox
Folders Propertiesfolders
Fontscontrol fonts
Fonts Folderfonts
Free Cell Card Gamefreecell
Game Controllersjoy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Gamemshearts
Help and Supporthelpctr
HyperTerminalhypertrm
Iexpress Wizardiexpress
Indexing Serviceciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizardicwconn1
Internet Exploreriexplore
Internet Propertiesinetcpl.cpl
Internet Setup Wizardinetwiz
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration)ipconfig /all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections)ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS)ipconfig /registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)ipconfig /showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (if installed)jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (if installed)javaws
Keyboard Propertiescontrol keyboard
Local Security Settingssecpol.msc
Local Users and Groupslusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windowslogoff
Malicious Software Removal Toolmrt
Microsoft Access (if installed)msaccess
Microsoft Chatwinchat
Microsoft Excel (if installed)excel
Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)frontpg
Microsoft Movie Makermoviemk
Microsoft Paintmspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)powerpnt
Microsoft Word (if installed)winword
Microsoft Syncronization Toolmobsync
Minesweeper Gamewinmine
Mouse Propertiescontrol mouse
Mouse Propertiesmain.cpl
Nero (if installed)nero
Netmeetingconf
Network Connectionscontrol netconnections
Network Connectionsncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizardnetsetup.cpl
Notepadnotepad
Nview Desktop Manager (if installed)nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packagerpackager
ODBC Data Source Administratorodbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboardosk
Opens AC3 Filter (if installed)ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Expressmsimn
Paintpbrush
Password Propertiespassword.cpl
Performance Monitorperfmon.msc
Performance Monitorperfmon
Phone and Modem Optionstelephon.cpl
Phone Dialerdialer
Pinball Gamepinball
Power Configurationpowercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxescontrol printers
Printers Folderprinters
Private Character Editoreudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)QuickTime.cpl
Quicktime Player (if installed)quicktimeplayer
Real Player (if installed)realplay
Regional Settingsintl.cpl
Registry Editorregedit
Registry Editorregedit32
Remote Access Phonebookrasphone
Remote Desktopmstsc
Removable Storagentmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requestsntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof)rsop.msc
Scanners and Camerassticpl.cpl
Scheduled Taskscontrol schedtasks
Security Centerwscui.cpl
Servicesservices.msc
Shared Foldersfsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windowsshutdown
Sounds and Audiommsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Gamespider
SQL Client Configurationcliconfg
System Configuration Editorsysedit
System Configuration Utilitymsconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At The Next Boot)sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot)sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return Scan Setting To Default)sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Sets Cache Size to size x)sfc /cachesize=x
System Informationmsinfo32
System Propertiessysdm.cpl
Task Managertaskmgr
TCP Testertcptest
Telnet Clienttelnet
Tweak UI (if installed)tweakui
User Account Managementnusrmgr.cpl
Utility Managerutilman
Windows Address Bookwab
Windows Address Book Import Utilitywabmig
Windows Backup Utility (if installed)ntbackup
Windows Explorerexplorer
Windows Firewallfirewall.cpl
Windows Magnifiermagnify
Windows Management Infrastructurewmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Playerwmplayer
Windows Messengermsmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Toolsyskey
Windows Update Launcheswupdmgr
Windows Version (to show which version of windows)winver
Windows XP Tour Wizardtourstart
Wordpadwrite

Reg Ruery

 C:\Users\somet>reg query /?

REG QUERY KeyName [/v [ValueName] | /ve] [/s]

          [/f Data [/k] [/d] [/c] [/e]] [/t Type] [/z] [/se Separator]

          [/reg:32 | /reg:64]

  KeyName  [\\Machine\]FullKey

           Machine - Name of remote machine, omitting defaults to the

                     current machine. Only HKLM and HKU are available on

                     remote machines

           FullKey - in the form of ROOTKEY\SubKey name

                ROOTKEY - [ HKLM | HKCU | HKCR | HKU | HKCC ]

                SubKey  - The full name of a registry key under the

                          selected ROOTKEY


  /v       Queries for a specific registry key values.

           If omitted, all values for the key are queried.


           Argument to this switch can be optional only when specified

           along with /f switch. This specifies to search in valuenames only.


  /ve      Queries for the default value or empty value name (Default).


  /s       Queries all subkeys and values recursively (like dir /s).


  /se      Specifies the separator (length of 1 character only) in

           data string for REG_MULTI_SZ. Defaults to "\0" as the separator.


  /f       Specifies the data or pattern to search for.

           Use double quotes if a string contains spaces. Default is "*".


  /k       Specifies to search in key names only.


  /d       Specifies the search in data only.


  /c       Specifies that the search is case sensitive.

           The default search is case insensitive.


  /e       Specifies to return only exact matches.

           By default all the matches are returned.


  /t       Specifies registry value data type.

           Valid types are:

             REG_SZ, REG_MULTI_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ,

             REG_DWORD, REG_QWORD, REG_BINARY, REG_NONE

           Defaults to all types.


  /z       Verbose: Shows the numeric equivalent for the type of the valuename.


  /reg:32  Specifies the key should be accessed using the 32-bit registry view.


  /reg:64  Specifies the key should be accessed using the 64-bit registry view.


Examples:


  REG QUERY HKLM\Software\Microsoft\ResKit /v Version

    Displays the value of the registry value Version


  REG QUERY \\ABC\HKLM\Software\Microsoft\ResKit\Nt\Setup /s

    Displays all subkeys and values under the registry key Setup

    on remote machine ABC


  REG QUERY HKLM\Software\Microsoft\ResKit\Nt\Setup /se #

    Displays all the subkeys and values with "#" as the seperator

    for all valuenames whose type is REG_MULTI_SZ.


  REG QUERY HKLM /f SYSTEM /t REG_SZ /c /e

    Displays Key, Value and Data with case sensitive and exact

    occurrences of "SYSTEM" under HKLM root for the data type REG_SZ


  REG QUERY HKCU /f 0F /d /t REG_BINARY

    Displays Key, Value and Data for the occurrences of "0F" in data

    under HKCU root for the data type REG_BINARY


  REG QUERY HKLM\SOFTWARE /ve

    Displays Value and Data for the empty value (Default)

    under HKLM\SOFTWARE

Directory in CMD

 Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.22543.1000]

(c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


C:\Users\somet>dir /?

Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.


DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N]

  [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/R] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]


  [drive:][path][filename]

              Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.


  /A          Displays files with specified attributes.

  attributes   D  Directories                R  Read-only files

               H  Hidden files               A  Files ready for archiving

               S  System files               I  Not content indexed files

               L  Reparse Points             O  Offline files

               -  Prefix meaning not

  /B          Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).

  /C          Display the thousand separator in file sizes.  This is the

              default.  Use /-C to disable display of separator.

  /D          Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.

  /L          Uses lowercase.

  /N          New long list format where filenames are on the far right.

  /O          List by files in sorted order.

  sortorder    N  By name (alphabetic)       S  By size (smallest first)

               E  By extension (alphabetic)  D  By date/time (oldest first)

               G  Group directories first    -  Prefix to reverse order

  /P          Pauses after each screenful of information.

  /Q          Display the owner of the file.

  /R          Display alternate data streams of the file.

  /S          Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.

  /T          Controls which time field displayed or used for sorting

  timefield   C  Creation

              A  Last Access

              W  Last Written

  /W          Uses wide list format.

  /X          This displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file

              names.  The format is that of /N with the short name inserted

              before the long name. If no short name is present, blanks are

              displayed in its place.

  /4          Displays four-digit years


Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable.  Override

preset switches by prefixing any switch with - (hyphen)--for example, /-W.

Delete in CMD

 Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.22543.1000]

(c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


C:\Users\somet>del /?

Deletes one or more files.


DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names

ERASE [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names


  names         Specifies a list of one or more files or directories.

                Wildcards may be used to delete multiple files. If a

                directory is specified, all files within the directory

                will be deleted.


  /P            Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.

  /F            Force deleting of read-only files.

  /S            Delete specified files from all subdirectories.

  /Q            Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard

  /A            Selects files to delete based on attributes

  attributes    R  Read-only files            S  System files

                H  Hidden files               A  Files ready for archiving

                I  Not content indexed Files  L  Reparse Points

                O  Offline files              -  Prefix meaning not

If Command Extensions are enabled DEL and ERASE change as follows:

The display semantics of the /S switch are reversed in that it shows

you only the files that are deleted, not the ones it could not find.


robocopy

 Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.22543.1000]

(c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\Users\somet>robocopy /?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   ROBOCOPY     ::     Robust File Copy for Windows

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Started : Wednesday, November 2, 2022 10:30:21 PM

              Usage :: ROBOCOPY source destination [file [file]...] [options]


             source :: Source Directory (drive:\path or \\server\share\path).

        destination :: Destination Dir  (drive:\path or \\server\share\path).

               file :: File(s) to copy  (names/wildcards: default is "*.*").


::

:: Copy options :

::

                 /S :: copy Subdirectories, but not empty ones.

                 /E :: copy subdirectories, including Empty ones.

             /LEV:n :: only copy the top n LEVels of the source directory tree.


                 /Z :: copy files in restartable mode.

                 /B :: copy files in Backup mode.

                /ZB :: use restartable mode; if access denied use Backup mode.

                 /J :: copy using unbuffered I/O (recommended for large files).

            /EFSRAW :: copy all encrypted files in EFS RAW mode.


  /COPY:copyflag[s] :: what to COPY for files (default is /COPY:DAT).

                       (copyflags : D=Data, A=Attributes, T=Timestamps, X=Skip alt data streams (X ignored if /B or /ZB).

                       (S=Security=NTFS ACLs, O=Owner info, U=aUditing info).



               /SEC :: copy files with SECurity (equivalent to /COPY:DATS).

           /COPYALL :: COPY ALL file info (equivalent to /COPY:DATSOU).

            /NOCOPY :: COPY NO file info (useful with /PURGE).

            /SECFIX :: FIX file SECurity on all files, even skipped files.

            /TIMFIX :: FIX file TIMes on all files, even skipped files.


             /PURGE :: delete dest files/dirs that no longer exist in source.

               /MIR :: MIRror a directory tree (equivalent to /E plus /PURGE).


               /MOV :: MOVe files (delete from source after copying).

              /MOVE :: MOVE files AND dirs (delete from source after copying).


     /A+:[RASHCNET] :: add the given Attributes to copied files.

     /A-:[RASHCNETO]:: remove the given Attributes from copied files.


            /CREATE :: CREATE directory tree and zero-length files only.

               /FAT :: create destination files using 8.3 FAT file names only.

               /256 :: turn off very long path (> 256 characters) support.


             /MON:n :: MONitor source; run again when more than n changes seen.

             /MOT:m :: MOnitor source; run again in m minutes Time, if changed.


      /RH:hhmm-hhmm :: Run Hours - times when new copies may be started.

                /PF :: check run hours on a Per File (not per pass) basis.


             /IPG:n :: Inter-Packet Gap (ms), to free bandwidth on slow lines.


                /SJ :: copy Junctions as junctions instead of as the junction targets.

                /SL :: copy Symbolic Links as links instead of as the link targets.


            /MT[:n] :: Do multi-threaded copies with n threads (default 8).

                       n must be at least 1 and not greater than 128.

                       This option is incompatible with the /IPG and /EFSRAW options.

                       Redirect output using /LOG option for better performance.


 /DCOPY:copyflag[s] :: what to COPY for directories (default is /DCOPY:DA).

                       (copyflags : D=Data, A=Attributes, T=Timestamps, E=EAs, X=Skip alt data streams).


           /NODCOPY :: COPY NO directory info (by default /DCOPY:DA is done).


         /NOOFFLOAD :: copy files without using the Windows Copy Offload mechanism.


          /COMPRESS :: Request network compression during file transfer, if applicable.


      /FORCE_SPARSE :: Force sparse file copying

            /SPARSE :: Enable retaining sparse state during copy

::

:: Copy File Throttling Options :

::

  /IoMaxSize:n[KMG] :: Requested max i/o size per {read,write} cycle, in n [KMG] bytes.


     /IoRate:n[KMG] :: Requested i/o rate, in n [KMG] bytes per second.


  /Threshold:n[KMG] :: File size threshold for throttling, in n [KMG] bytes (see Remarks).


::

:: File Selection Options :

::

                 /A :: copy only files with the Archive attribute set.

                 /M :: copy only files with the Archive attribute and reset it.

    /IA:[RASHCNETO] :: Include only files with any of the given Attributes set.

    /XA:[RASHCNETO] :: eXclude files with any of the given Attributes set.


 /XF file [file]... :: eXclude Files matching given names/paths/wildcards.

 /XD dirs [dirs]... :: eXclude Directories matching given names/paths.


                /XC :: eXclude Changed files.

                /XN :: eXclude Newer files.

                /XO :: eXclude Older files.

                /XX :: eXclude eXtra files and directories.

                /XL :: eXclude Lonely files and directories.

                /IS :: Include Same files.

                /IT :: Include Tweaked files.


             /MAX:n :: MAXimum file size - exclude files bigger than n bytes.

             /MIN:n :: MINimum file size - exclude files smaller than n bytes.


          /MAXAGE:n :: MAXimum file AGE - exclude files older than n days/date.

          /MINAGE:n :: MINimum file AGE - exclude files newer than n days/date.

          /MAXLAD:n :: MAXimum Last Access Date - exclude files unused since n.

          /MINLAD:n :: MINimum Last Access Date - exclude files used since n.

                       (If n < 1900 then n = n days, else n = YYYYMMDD date).


               /FFT :: assume FAT File Times (2-second granularity).

               /DST :: compensate for one-hour DST time differences.


                /XJ :: eXclude symbolic links (for both files and directories) and Junction points.

               /XJD :: eXclude symbolic links for Directories and Junction points.

               /XJF :: eXclude symbolic links for Files.


                /IM :: Include Modified files (differing change times).

::

:: Retry Options :

::

               /R:n :: number of Retries on failed copies: default 1 million.

               /W:n :: Wait time between retries: default is 30 seconds.


               /REG :: Save /R:n and /W:n in the Registry as default settings.


               /TBD :: Wait for sharenames To Be Defined (retry error 67).


               /LFSM :: Operate in low free space mode, enabling copy pause and resume (see Remarks).


        /LFSM:n[KMG] :: /LFSM, specifying the floor size in n [K:kilo,M:mega,G:giga] bytes.


::

:: Logging Options :

::

                 /L :: List only - don't copy, timestamp or delete any files.

                 /X :: report all eXtra files, not just those selected.

                 /V :: produce Verbose output, showing skipped files.

                /TS :: include source file Time Stamps in the output.

                /FP :: include Full Pathname of files in the output.

             /BYTES :: Print sizes as bytes.


                /NS :: No Size - don't log file sizes.

                /NC :: No Class - don't log file classes.

               /NFL :: No File List - don't log file names.

               /NDL :: No Directory List - don't log directory names.


                /NP :: No Progress - don't display percentage copied.

               /ETA :: show Estimated Time of Arrival of copied files.


          /LOG:file :: output status to LOG file (overwrite existing log).

         /LOG+:file :: output status to LOG file (append to existing log).


       /UNILOG:file :: output status to LOG file as UNICODE (overwrite existing log).

      /UNILOG+:file :: output status to LOG file as UNICODE (append to existing log).


               /TEE :: output to console window, as well as the log file.


               /NJH :: No Job Header.

               /NJS :: No Job Summary.


           /UNICODE :: output status as UNICODE.


::

:: Job Options :

::

       /JOB:jobname :: take parameters from the named JOB file.

      /SAVE:jobname :: SAVE parameters to the named job file

              /QUIT :: QUIT after processing command line (to view parameters).

              /NOSD :: NO Source Directory is specified.

              /NODD :: NO Destination Directory is specified.

                /IF :: Include the following Files.


::

:: Remarks :

::

       Using /PURGE or /MIR on the root directory of the volume formerly caused

       robocopy to apply the requested operation on files inside the System

       Volume Information directory as well. This is no longer the case; if

       either is specified, robocopy will skip any files or directories with that

       name in the top-level source and destination directories of the copy session.


       The modified files classification applies only when both source

       and destination filesystems support change timestamps (e.g., NTFS)

       and the source and destination files have different change times but are

       otherwise the same. These files are not copied by default; specify /IM

       to include them.


       The /DCOPY:E flag requests that extended attribute copying should be

       attempted for directories. Note that currently robocopy will continue

       if a directory's EAs could not be copied. This flag is also not included

       in /COPYALL.


       If either /IoMaxSize or /IoRate are specified, robocopy will enable

       copy file throttling (the purpose being to reduce system load).

       Both may be adjusted to allowable or optimal values; i.e., both

       specify desired copy parameters, but the system and robocopy are

       allowed to adjust them to reasonable/allowed values as necessary.

       If /Threshold is also used, it specifies a minimum file size for

       engaging throttling; files below that size will not be throttled.

       Values for all three parameters may be followed by an optional suffix

       character from the set [KMG] (kilo, mega, giga).


       Using /LFSM requests robocopy to operate in 'low free space mode'.

       In this mode, robocopy will pause whenever a file copy would cause the

       destination volume's free space to go below a 'floor' value, which

       can be explicitly specified by the LFSM:n[KMG] form of the flag.

       If /LFSM is specified with no explicit floor value, the floor is set to

       ten percent of the destination volume's size.

       Low free space mode is incompatible with /MT and /EFSRAW.

VBA Operators

 VBA Operators

VBA uses a handful of simple operators and relations, the most common of which are shown in Table 5-5.

Table 5-5. VBA Operators and Relations

Type

Name

Symbol

Arithmetic Operators

Addition

+

 

Subtraction

-

 

Multiplication

*

 

Division

/

 

Division with Integer result

\

 

Exponentiation

^

 

Modulo

Mod

String Operator

Concatenation

&

Logical Operators

AND

And

 

OR

Or

 

NOT

Not

Comparison Relations

Equal

=

 

Less than

<

 

Greater than

>

 

Less than or equal to

<= or =<

 

Greater than or equal to

>= or =>

 

Not equal to

<> or ><

The Mod operator returns the remainder after division. For example:

	8 Mod 3

returns 2, since the remainder after dividing 8 by 3 is 2.

To illustrate string concatenation, the expression:

	"To be or " & "not to be"

is equivalent to:

	"To be or not to be"